Authors: David Galarza (University of Florida), Alicia Petersen (University of Florida)
Space weather forecasting critically depends on accurate modeling of the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), which is shaped by extrapolations of the coronal magnetic field. Two potential field models are widely used for this purpose: the Potential Field Source Surface (PFSS) model and the Schatten Current Sheet (SCS) model. While both models assume ∇×B = 0 and represent current-free fields within their respective domains, they impose incompatible boundary conditions at their interface. PFSS enforces a Dirichlet condition at the source surface, setting the tangential components B_theta and B_phi = 0 and enforcing radial Br, while the SCS model treats the radial field at the source surface as a Neumann-type boundary condition and leaves the tangential components unconstrained. This inconsistency leads to a non-physical “kink” and localized artificial curl at the model boundary. In this study, we develop and validate a curl diagnostic tool using a synthetic dipole-to-radial transition field. We then apply the diagnostic to PFSS–SCS solutions and propose a grid search framework that varies the PFSS source surface radius (Rₛₛ) and the SCS inner boundary radius to identify parameter combinations that minimize ∇×B at the model transition. This work aims to reduce unphysical artifacts in coronal modeling and construct magnetic field extrapolations more consistent with Maxwell’s equations, thereby improving the physical representation of heliospheric models.
