Authors: Keheng Zhu (University of Michigan), Xianyu Liu (University of Michigan), Igor Sokolov (University of Michigan), Lulu Zhao (University of Michigan)
The Alfvén Wave Solar atmosphere Model (AWSoM) and its realtime variant (AWSoM-R), the SWMF’s global model of the corona and solar wind, places its inner boundary in the upper chromosphere and injects Alfvén-wave Poynting flux through a thin, quasi-static chromospheric layer. As a result the partially ionized, radiatively cooled, dynamically evolving chromosphere — the reservoir that sets the mass and energy supplied to the corona — is prescribed rather than solved. We present a 1.5D field-aligned two-fluid (ion + neutral) chromosphere model, run along PFSS field lines, aimed at supplying this missing physics. The model evolves separate ion and neutral fluids coupled by collisional drag and two-temperature exchange, with field-aligned electron and neutral heat conduction, a physically grounded coronal upper boundary, and radiative cooling (optically-thick H I / Ca II / Mg II line losses plus optically-thin transition-region emission). Non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization and recombination — collisional, photoionization, and radiative/three-body channels — are integrated self-consistently. We report the resulting chromospheric ionization and recombination rates and their height structure, and demonstrate the model’s dynamics through a flare-driven explosive chromospheric evaporation case, recovering the characteristic upflow and condensation-downflow signatures. The framework is designed as a drop-in dynamic lower boundary for AWSoM-R.
