Authors: B. Lekshmi (National Solar Observatory), Sushanta Tripathy (National Solar Observatory), Kiran Jain (National Solar Observatory), Alexei Pevtsov (National Solar Observatory)

We investigate the evolution of near-surface horizontal plasma flows associated with emerging solar active regions using helioseismic flow measurements. Subsurface flows are derived from GONG Dopplergrams using customized ring-diagram analysis. We track active regions from their emergence on the visible solar disk to characterize the temporal and depth-dependent evolution of horizontal flow divergence and vorticity within and around them. The flow properties are examined as a function of active-region magnetic flux, and their relationship with the evolution of magnetic-field parameters. This study aims to improve our understanding of the coupling between plasma flows and magnetic-field evolution during active-region emergence.