Can Proton Beams Explain White-Light Flares and Sunquakes?

Authors: Alexander G. Kosovichev (Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA), Viacheslav M. Sadykov (Physics & Astronomy Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA), Andrey M. Stejko (Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA), John T. Stefan (Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA), Joel C. Allred (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA) Adam F. Kowalski (National Solar Observatory, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 2000, Colorado Ave, CO 80305, USA: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA), Nana Asmah (Physics Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA)

SDO/HMI observations reveal a class of solar flares with substantial energy and momentum impacts in the photosphere, resulting in white-light emission and helioseismic response (sunquakes). Previous radiative hydrodynamic modeling using the RADYN code showed that such impacts could not be explained in the framework of the standard flare model with electron beam heating. One of the possibilities to explain the observed white-light emission and sunquakes is to consider additional heating mechanisms involved in solar flares, for example, Alfvén wave heating and heating by the proton beams. In this work, we analyze the single-loop RADYN proton beam simulations for a wide set of beam parameters. Using the output of the RADYN models, we calculate synthetic HMI-line Stokes profiles and line-of-sight (LOS) observables as well as the 3D helioseismic response and compare them with the corresponding observed characteristics. The initial results show that the RADYN models with proton beam heating are substantially closer to the HMI observations than the standard electron-beam thick-target models.