Time-Dependent Models of the Heliosphere

Authors: Chika Onubogu (Boston University), Merav Opher (Boston University), Marc Kornbleuth (Boston University)

The properties of the solar wind vary with the solar cycle, evolving across time and latitude. The solar wind density, pressure, and speed change with solar activity which has been shown to affect flows within the heliosheath, and subsequently, the overall structure of the heliosphere. Many studies have shown the importance of using time-dependent boundary conditions to model the heliosphere. The observed termination shock crossings of Voyager 1 (V1) and Voyager 2 (V2) were accurately predicted by Washimi et al. (2011) using realistic solar wind input from V2 during the period of 2002 to 2008, and other models have been able to explain Voyager velocity observations using time-varying solar cycle conditions (Pogorelov et al. 2012; Provornikova et al. 2014; Michael et al. 2015). Observations of energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) also show clear evolution with the solar cycle from McComas et al. (2020), with solar wind plasma variations (Zirnstein et al. 2017) and solar magnetic field variations (Kornbleuth et al. 2020) playing important roles. Here we present our plans to advance the SHIELD (Solar-wind with Hydrogen Ion Exchange and Large-scale Dynamics) model to be time-dependent. We will validate this model by producing time-dependent ENA maps that we can compare directly with IBEX observations.