Understanding the Compositional Variability in the November 2025 Solar Energetic Particle Events

Authors: C.M.S. Cohen (California Institute of Technology), W. Liu (University of Michigan), Z.G. Xu (California Institute of Technology), G.M. Mason (Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory), R.A. Leske (California Institute of Technology), G.C. Ho (Southwest Research Institute), R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber (University of Kiel), G.D. Muro (California Institute of Technology)

In the first half of November 2025, Parker Solar Probe, ACE, Solar Orbiter, and STEREO-A were distributed from 0.7 to 1 AU and ~127° in longitude as active region 14274 rotated across the solar disk emitting a large number of X-class flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and several solar energetic particle (SEP) events, including the largest ground level enhancement (GLE) event of this solar cycle.  GLE events often exhibit enhancements in the Fe/O abundance ratio, and the November 2025 GLE event appears to have that characteristic at some of the spacecraft.  The Fe/O ratio as a function of energy is different for the individual spacecraft which is particularly surprising for ACE and Solar Orbiter which are approximately on the same Parker spiral during the event.  We have modeled this complicated period with a particular focus on the whether the presence of the CME the day before the November 11 (Veteran’s Day) event affected the characteristics of the GLE event, particularly the composition, and possibly creating a disturbed environment necessary to produce a GLE event.